Mountaintop removal mining. Mountaintop removal is a form of strip mining.

Mountaintop removal mining Fact Sheet on the Health Impacts of Mountaintop Mining (Kentuckian for the The Hobet 21 Coal Mine in West Virginia is owned by Roger Watts and Chad Pridemore. Large areas of West Virginia have been affected by mountaintop removal mining (light red), and additional areas have been permitted but not yet mined (blue). Examining these aspects provides insight into the environmental costs associated with mountaintop removal mining. Explore over 10 facts and insights, including environmental impacts, economic benefits, and the human stories behind this divisive issue. Mountaintop removal mining is the main method for extracting coal in the approximately 200 surface mines actively producing in the Central Appalachia region (KY, TN, WV, and VA). It may cause long-term damage to tourism, agriculture, and other industries. Excess rock is pushed into nearby valleys, disturbing habitats and The act specifically allowed mountaintop removal, but only as an exception when the resulting flat land would be used for development. Mountaintop removal mining (MTR), frequently referred to as mountaintop mining/valley fills (MTM/VF), is a type of surface mining that entails great topographic change to the summit or summit crest of a mountain. Find out where and how much mountaintop removal coal is mined and consumed in the U. In this guide you will find resources relating to various aspects of mountain top removal including business practices, mining practices, and government regulations. R. Environmental Protection Agency defined mountaintop removal coal mining as “a surface mining practice involving the: (1) removal of mountaintops to expose coal seams, and (2) disposing of the associated mining overburden Tragically, mountaintop removal mining has already destroyed more than 500 mountains encompassing more than 1 million acres of Central and Southern Appalachia. 21 NY Times editorial noted that “more than 1,200 miles of streams in Appalachia already have been buried or destroyed by mountaintop removal coal mining. In 2011 a group of researchers from West Virginia University and Washington State University. e. Mountaintop removal mining (MTR), also known as mountaintop mining (MTM), is a form of surface mining at the summit or summit ridge of a mountain. In West Virginia, mountaintop removal and other kinds of surface mining (including Mountaintop removal, a form of surface mining, has already leveled or severely impacted 500 mountaintops in West Virginia, Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee, according to Appalachian Voices, an Mountaintop removal mining involves blasting and removing overburden to extract coal seams using draglines and shovels. Births where maternal residence was not within 5 the Appalachian region, including mountaintop removal, contour mining and area mining. Mountaintop removal mining, which had begun in West Virginia in 1967 at Cannelton, became more feasible as huge earth-moving machines were introduced into the rugged Appalachian terrain by the early 1980s. Unlike traditional underground mining, this technique involves the removal of the entire summit or top of a mountain to access the coal seams beneath. The process involves removing the top of a mountain to expose the underlying coal seams, which are then extracted using heavy machinery. Angewandt wird dieses Verfahren vor allem in den Appalachen, einem großflächigen Mittelgebirge im Osten der Vereinigten Staaten – hier vorwiegend im Bereich des Appalachen Mountaintop removal mining (MTR), also known as mountaintop mining (MTM), is a form of surface mining at the summit or summit ridge of a mountain. These ancient mountains, which have stood tall for hundreds of millions of years, are blasted Mountaintop Removal Mining Subsequently, on 13 January 2011, in a deci-sion that opponents of MTR mining consid-ered a major victory, the agency halted disposal of mining waste at the proposed Spruce No. 3 . Coal seams are extracted from a mountain by removing the land, or Mountaintop removal is a form of surface mining in which entire mountaintops are removed to access underground coal seams. arguments Mountaintop coal mining is a major cause of land cover changes in the central Appalachian Mountains of the eastern United States. UWS 52B: Environmental Justice / Climate Justice Open-source informational website that includes extensive information about MTR [mountain top removal] protest campaigns and relevant legislation. We examined how this added water storage potential affects streamflow using a paired watershed approach consisting of two sets of mined Mountaintop removal mining and valley filling (MTR/VF) is a common form of land conversion in Central Appalachia and threatens the integrity of stream ecosystems. C. The crushed rock material is subsequently deposited in headwater valley fills (VF). It also alters land permanently, affecting scenic beauty and local communities. Learn about the practice and impacts of mountaintop mining, a method of coal extraction that removes the tops of mountains and fills valleys. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What is mountaintop removal?, How does clearing affect the environment?, How does blasting affect the environment? and more. It is most intimately related with coal mining in the Appalachian Mountains, situated in the eastern Mountaintop removal coal mining — one of the most notoriously destructive forms of mining — has torn through over 500 mountains across Appalachia, even as coal’s dominance over American energy supplies has faded in recent years. Miners go to mountaintops for coal, stripping the tips with explosive and other environmentally invasive methods. Alternatives and Solutions. Primarily, mountaintop removal is occurring in West Virginia, Kentucky, the Appalachian region, including mountaintop removal, contour mining and area mining. WASHINGTON (AP) — The Environmental Protection Agency is putting on hold hundreds of mountaintop coal-mining permits until it can evaluate the projects’ impacts on streams and wetlands. MTR, as it’s commonly called, is the process of removing the land on the summit of a mountain to get to the coal seams underneath. This destructive practice involves blasting away millions of tons of rock, soil, and vegetation, devastating ecosystems, polluting waterways, and displacing communities. , 2024). Explore the environmental, social, and economic impacts of this surface mining Learn what mountaintop removal is, how it harms the environment and communities, and what can be done to end it. It involves removing forests, clearing topsoil and using explosives to expose buried coal. , according to a new satellite mapping tool that allows users to track mountaintop removal over the last three decades in 74 key coal-mining counties. Before mining can begin, mountaintops must be cleared of vegetation. in vitro systems with no restriction on the type of health outcome. ET. Other articles where mountaintop removal is discussed: West Virginia: Industry of West Virginia: of surface mining, called “mountaintop removal,” that is particularly devastating to the landscape, and environmental laws restrict its expansion. mining companies. Introduction Mountaintop removal mining involves removing the top of a mountain in order to recover the coal seams contained there. Industry claims that mountaintop removal creates flat spaces for development, but only 3 percent of former mine sites are developed. You can also find links to databases that would be helpful in searching topics pertinent to mountaintop removal. This practice occurs in six Appalachian states (Kentucky, West Virginia, Virginia, Tennessee, Pennsylvania, and Ohio). Mountaintop removal mining is a practice that involves extracting coal by removing entire mountaintops, significantly altering the landscape. . Adam's family has lived there for generations. Geological and Soil Changes. Mountaintop removal coal mining (MTR) was a cost-effective technique In conclusion, mountaintop removal is a complex issue that intersects with environmental, health, economic, and social concerns. Regulations and alternative methods are In one case, that means boosting so-called mountaintop mining. m. Mountaintop Removal Mining Subsequently, on 13 January 2011, in a deci-sion that opponents of MTR mining consid-ered a major victory, the agency halted disposal of mining waste at the proposed Spruce No. The outlined area contains some of the state’s largest mines, including the Hobet In the past, it was unions vs. The damage cannot be undone despite claims that mining companies revegetate and rewild these regions. The last thirty-four years has seen an escalation in this mining method from forty The form of surface mining known as mountaintop removal became widespread in Appalachia in the 1970s, when soaring energy prices and new technology made it economically feasible to extract thin seams of coal from hilltops that were previously too costly to mine. Instead of tunneling into the earth following coal seams, miners When floods from a nearby mountaintop removal mine washed away acres of Maria Gunnoe’s ancestral land in Boone County, W. org Resources on mountaintop removal mining; Search this Guide Search. To extract coal, mountaintop removal mining involves blowing up the tops of mountains and dumping waste, dirt, and rocks – called mining spoil – into adjacent valleys and mountain Mountaintop removal is a controversial mining practice used to extract coal and other minerals from mountainous regions. But other mountains in Tennessee are still threatened with mountaintop removal Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like what is mountaintop removal?, arguments for mountaintop removal, arguments against mountaintop removal: environmental impacts and more. Explosives are then used to expose the underlying coal seams, Media in category "Mountaintop removal mining" The following 25 files are in this category, out of 25 total. Coal seams are extracted from a mountain by removing the land, or overburden, above the seams. Mountaintop removal is a form of strip mining. Mountaintop removal is a form of coal mining that involves removing the top of a mountain to expose the coal deposits underneath. g. The practice became increasingly prevalent in the 1990s, when low-sulfur coal, a iLoveMountains. Mountaintop removal is a controversial mining practice, and this article presents a comprehensive debate. Mountaintop removal mining is among the most destructive mining methods, responsible for the decimation of vibrant communities and ecosystems across Appalachia. Filed at 1:54 p. We investigated the effects of MTR/VF on stream salamander occupancy probabilities Advocates of mountaintop removal mining would often advocate for the destructive practice by saying their corner of the planet deserved buildable flat land just like downtown Lexington or Mountaintop removal mining is among the most destructive mining methods, responsible for the decimation of vibrant communities and ecosystems across Appalachia. Accordingly, this document will refer to “mountaintop mining” as including all of the types of surface mining in this region. The landscape disturbance mountaintop mining causes is different from others (such as forestry, Mountaintop removal is a coal-mining method that clearcuts forests and then uses explosives to remove top soil and bedrock, which is often dumped in nearby valleys. ” And then-presidential Mountaintop Removal Mining, for their review and opinion on this report and for recommendations that will help to improve our understanding of the interactions between mountaintop removal mining, the environment, and human health. Source: Kentucky Geological Survey Mountaintop removal is a skilled mining task, which means that it will pay a relatively high salary. Today, environmentalists are lining up against mining companies over the practice of large-scale surface mining, aka mountaintop removal, in the The environmental damage caused by mountaintop removal mining across Appalachia has been well documented. Appalachian Voices • Coal River Mountain Watch • Heartwood • Keeper of the Mountains • Kentuckians for the Commonwealth . It is done by first removing all topsoil, plants, and trees from the area that is to be mined. jpg 344 × 56; 8 KB. In this article, we will explore the Mountaintop removal is a relatively new type of coal mining that began in Appalachia in the 1970s as an extension of conventional strip mining techniques. Source: Kentucky Geological Survey Mountaintop removal expanded beyond all expectations. Understanding the facts surrounding this form of coal mining is crucial for informed decision-making and policy development that balances economic interests with the need to protect the environment and public health. THE HISTORY OF MOUNTAINTOP REMOVAL IN APPALACHIA A. Straddling the border of Boone County and Lincoln County in the Appalachian Mountains, the Hobet 21 mine was one of the largest mountaintop-removal coal mining operations in West Virginia. This practice occurs in six Appalachian states (Kentucky, West Mountaintop removal mining is one of the most intensive forms of mining on the planet. When using this technique, coal Mountaintop removal mining is an increasingly common coal industry practice. Leveling Appalachia: The Legacy of Mountaintop Removal Mining, a video report produced by Yale Environment 360 in collaboration with MediaStorm, focuses on the environmental and social impacts of this practice and examines the long-term effects on the region’s forests and waterways. The review focuses on the impacts of mountaintop removal coal mining, which involves removing all - or some portion - of the top of a mountain or ridge to expose and mine one or more coal seams. The final exposure variable was categorized into low, medium, and high MTR exposure based on tertiles of active MTR area within 5-km of maternal residence. Mountaintop removal mining impacts local economies beyond immediate economic benefits. It creates an immense quantity of excess Central Appalachia’s history is the story of coal. In addition, concerns about air quality—focused on sulfur emissions and, more recently, production of greenhouse gases I. 1 Mine, which would have buried more than 6 Mountaintop removal mining (MTR) is a form of surface mining increasingly being used to replace underground mining to extract coal from the Appalachian Mountain regions of eastern Kentucky, southwest West Virgina, southwest Virginia and eastern Tennessee[1]. Open in a new tab. S. The move protects mountain streams, wildlife habitat, scenic views and eco-tourism assets of the iconic Cumberland Plateau. This method of mining has been used in various parts of the world, including the United States, and has been a subject of controversy due to its significant environmental impacts. Mountaintop Removal Mining: A Primer5 On January 11, 2009, I woke up at Adam Wells's home in Wise County, Virginia. Mountaintop removal mining involves removing the top of a mountain in order to recover the coal seams contained there. In response to this, coal production in West Virginia shifted from the high-sulfur coals in the north to the low-sulfur coals in the steep mountainous terrain of the south (). , she began to tirelessly organize with Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition to stop the mine and protect other communities from the same fate, despite threats against her life. Mainly practiced in the Appalachian region of the United States, MTR Mountaintop removal mining is the main method for extracting coal in the approximately 200 surface mines actively producing in the Central Appalachia region (KY, TN, WV, and VA). jpg 347 × 67; 8 KB. To uncover this coal profitably, mining companies engineer large—sometimes very large—surface mines. Mountaintop removal surface coal mining began on Fayette County, West Virginia's, Bullpush Mountain in 1970. This process is considered to be safer compared to underground mining because the coal seams are accessed from above Without such work, uncertainty will remain regarding the impact of these practices on the health of the people who breathe the air and drink the water affected by MTR mining. Keywords: mountaintop removal mining, coal mining, Appalachia, surface mining, community health, systematic review, exposure, risk of bias, risk. 2 million acres of land have Mountaintop Removal Mining Environmental Impacts. With mountaintop mining, companies first cut away forest cover and then use explosives to blast ridge tops and expose the coal seams beneath. Looking out Adam's window, the scene was idyllic: a narrow strip of farmland nestled The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) of 1977 provides the primary federal framework for regulating coal mining, including mountaintop removal. While federal law For more than a decade, Appalachia has also become known for the atrocity of mountaintop removal mining. At its peak in the mid-20 th century, mining employed more than 150,000 people in West Virginia alone, mostly in the state’s otherwise poor Mountaintop removal is a highly controversial mining practice used to extract coal and other minerals from mountainous regions. The vegetation is often wasted (burned and/or dumped into valleys) From 1985 to 2015, coal companies blasted an average of 21,000 acres of Appalachian land every year in search of coal — an area about half the size of Washington, D. You might not realize the extent to which mountaintop removal mining reshapes the land, but it involves blasting off mountain summits to access coal seams. the horrific result of Mountaintop Removal mining. Now, the Obama administration is showing signs it plans to crack down on this destructive practice. EPA Mountaintop Removal-Step1. The impacts on communities of blowing up mountains and dumping the rubble into streams are profound. The decision was announced Tuesday by EPA Mountaintop removal coal mining (MTM) is a form of surface mining where ridges and mountain tops are removed with explosives to access underlying coal seams. During the ‘90’s WVHC played a key role in laying the groundwork for the growing opposition to mountaintop removal mining and in convincing regulatory agencies of the significance and overall impact of the ever-increasing number and size of fills being permitted. In 1996, a proliferation of mountaintop removal coal mines in a region home to over 50 federally protected species was approved under the Endangered Species Act. The counties with the most mining remain the poorest counties in Appalachia. The process raises concerns about loss of forests, wildlife habitat, air and water pollution, and ecosystem destruction. It forces methods, you’ve probably heard about mountaintop removal mining. He has studied the health effects of mountaintop removal in West Virginia for 10 years. As demand increases, so does mountaintop removal, the most efficient and most profitable form of coal mining. Mountaintop Removal (MTR) is a form of surface mining that is also the leading form of coal removal in the Appalachian Mountains (Glidden). Study with Quizlet and memorise flashcards containing terms like This passage would most likely be found in, As used in paragraph 1, which is the best antonym for vigilant?, Based on information in the passage, it can be inferred that the author and others. This process is considered to be safer compared to See more Learn about the destructive process of mountaintop removal mining that is devastating Appalachia and its waters. In eastern Kentucky, southern West Virginia, southwestern Virginia, and eastern Tennessee, this mining method greatly impacts the Appalachian landscape and ecosystems. The process involves using heavy machinery to remove the top layer of the mountain, which is less labor-intensive and requires fewer specialized skills. Appalachia’s people and environments feel the impacts of mountaintop removal mining daily. , Shobe et al. The huge volumes of rock and earth removed from these mountaintops are then dumped into nearby streams in waste piles called valley Mountaintop Removal Mining: Impacts on Health in the Surrounding Community. After the coal companies blast apart the mountaintops, they dump the rubble into neighboring valleys, where lie the headwaters of streams and rivers, like the Kanawha, Clinch, and Big Sandy. CRS Product Type: Reports: Referenced Legislation: H. , the mountaintop) is disposed of in nearby valleys, which leads to a wide range of water-quality impacts on streams. Credit: Lyntha Eiler Trickling down over rocks, surrounded by wildflowers and ferns, Appalachian mountain streams are chock Ecological research on mountaintop mining has been focused on aquatic impacts because the overburden (i. Mountaintop removal mining involves annihilating up to 400 vertical feet of a mountain with explosives to exploit the underlying coal seams. The process typically involves clearing the land of trees and other vegetation, then using explosives to break up the rock and soil. EPA Mountaintop Removal-Step2. more efficient than strip mining energy needs potentially safer for miners because there is no need to go deep in the mines. This time-series of images of a surface mine in Boone County, West Virginia, illustrates why this controversial mining method is also called Environmental laws need sound data to protect species and ecosystems. Nonetheless, the economics of MTM and underground mining are inter-related, and one mining technique cannot replace the other. Decades ago, a cheap form of extraction called mountaintop removal coal mining blew up summits and shoved the detritus — sugar maples, salamanders, song birds — down hill. These effects can have lasting repercussions on biodiversity and ecosystem health. Because many of these mines tend to be in some of the poorest areas of the world, it can provide an economic boost to the local area through the hiring of hundreds of local workers who live, shop, and find entertainment options at home. It has been operational between 1974 and 2015. Below the densely forested slopes of the Appalachian Mountains in southern West Virginia is a layer cake of thin coal seams. Economic studies in West Virginia and Kentucky have shown that mountaintop removal mining costs states more revenue than it produces. Va. An extreme version of strip mining, during mountaintop removal the tops of mountains are removed via blasting in order to reveal the coal seams below. See how Earthjustice and its allies are figh Learn what mountaintop removal mining is, how it works, and why it is controversial. The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) of 1977 is a key piece of legislation that regulates the practice, requiring mining companies to restore mined lands to their original condition. The practice of mountaintop removal (MTR) coal mining has been carried out on at least 500 Appalachian peaks. jpg 343 × 71; 9 KB. Since the 1970s, scientists estimate that Mountaintop removal mining involves removing the top of a mountain in order to recover the coal seams contained there. Discover the truth and make an informed decision. 114-55: Publication Date: Mountaintop removal mining, by accelerating coal extraction, exacerbates these environmental challenges and undermines global efforts to mitigate climate change. Over the past two decades, mountaintop removal mining in Appalachia has obliterated or severely damaged more than a million acres of forest and buried more than 1,000 miles of streams. serious doubts about the industry’s contention that there is no need for tighter water-quality standards to keep mountaintop removal from contaminating drinking water relied on by communities Alberta has announced plans to draft new rules that will see mountaintop removal mining and open-pit coal developments prohibited on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains. It is time to end mountaintop removal and embrace the potential of renewable, greener energy. Mountaintop removal mining, while regulated by a complex legal framework, leaves a distinct mark on specific geographic areas across Central Appalachia. Excess overburden is disposed in constructed fills in Mountaintop Removal Mining Subsequently, on 13 January 2011, in a deci-sion that opponents of MTR mining consid-ered a major victory, the agency halted disposal of mining waste at the proposed Spruce No. Mountaintop removal mining significantly alters the geological landscape, reshaping the earth’s contours. Credit: Christian Thomas/SkyTruth. The massive amount of waste rock is dumped into valleys The AC region provides a particularly instructive case study in post-mining landscape change because of the sheer magnitude of topographic rearrangement driven by mountaintop removal/valley fill (MTR/VF) mining, a region-specific type of surface mining where, rather than bench cutting along contours, the entirety of the rock mass above a EPA Halts Hundreds of Mountaintop Mining Permits By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS. Although this type of mining can degrade terrestrial and aquatic habitats, the available data and tools limited the ability to Introduction. Their statement follows. This process can remove over 500 feet of elevation, fundamentally changing the terrain. L. 896; P. You’ll notice that nearly 1. To extract coal, mountaintop removal mining involves blowing up the tops of mountains and dumping waste, dirt, and rocks — called mining spoil — into adjacent valleys and mountain A new study published today by journal PLOS ONE has revealed that mountaintop removal mining poses a more serious and widespread threat to endangered species and people than was previously understood. 114-234; P. The Obama administration has approved a petition from Tennessee to designate some 75,000 acres of mountain ridges off limits for surface coal mining. In the 1980s and ’90s many mining companies turned to mountaintop removal, a hyper-efficient mix of explosives, draglines and dozers that undoes hundreds of millions of years of geology in minutes. This mining method blasts off the top layer of a mountain to expose the underlying coal seam resulting in dust and fly-rock and necessitating disposal of the 'overburden' into Understanding Mountaintop Removal. 1 MTR mining is controversial for its environmental impacts: “Spoil”—the earth and rock dislodged by mining—is Mountaintop removal mining (auch mountaintop mining, deutsch Bergbau durch Gipfelabsprengung, im weiteren MTR) ist eine spezielle Form des Tagebaus in den USA. However, the implementation and enforcement of SMCRA have been inconsistent, with many states and local communities calling for stronger regulations to protect environmental and public health. Find scientific reports, guidance Mountaintop removal mining, often called MTR, is a drastic surface mining method where the tops of mountains are blasted away to access underlying coal seams. Mountaintop mining is a widespread practice in eastern Kentucky, West Virginia and southwestern Virginia. There are also numerous impacts on the terrestrial environment from mountaintop mining that have been largely overlooked Cumulative active mountain top removal mining areas from 1996–2003 overlaying Kentucky Appalachian designated counties. Mountaintop removal (MTR) is a controversial mining technique that dramatically alters landscapes to extract coal. Mountaintop removal, also known as mountaintop mining or surface mining, is a method employed in the extraction of coal from mountainous regions. 1 Mine, which would have buried more than 6 Mountaintop removal, a controversial mining practice, has been a subject of debate due to its potential environmental and social impacts. A major goal of the 1990 amendment to the United States (US) Clean Air Act was to reduce acid precipitation. While it offers certain advantages, such as efficient coal extraction, the cons associated with this method cannot be overlooked. While it is highly effective for resource extraction, it raises significant environmental and societal concerns. Satellite images from 1985 to 2015 show how mountaintop removal mining spread across this 12,000-square-mile area of Kentucky, West Virginia and Virginia. Our interactive health mapping feature shows how residents living near mountaintop removal coal mining suffer higher cancer rates and have shorter life spans than other citizens. But scientists are now beginning to understand that the mining operations’ most lasting damage may be caused by the massive amounts of debris dumped into valley streams. EPA Mountaintop Removal-Step3. 1203; H. This method has gained attention due to its environmental consequences, sparking debate Mountaintop Removal Mining. Primary Review Aims: • Identify literature reporting the effects of exposure to MTR including related open health coal mining practices in Appalachia in human, experimental animal, and model . The process involves using explosives to remove up to 1,000 vertical feet of rock to reach the coal seams. Mountaintop removal (MTR) is a form of coal mining that, quite literally, changes the face of the Appalachian Mountains. Cost-Effective Mining: Mountaintop removal is often more cost-effective compared to other mining techniques. Additionally, the loss of natural resources can lead to decreased Mountaintop removal mining (MTR) is one of the most controversial methods of mining. Addressing the cons of mountaintop removal mining requires a shift towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly practices. Mountaintop removal mining (MTR), also known as mountaintop mining (MTM), is a form of surface mining at the summit or summit ridge of a mountain. Ohio Mountaintop removal mining is a type of surface mining that involves removing the top of a mountain to expose the coal seam beneath. In 2005, the U. Large-scale surface mining first emerged in the flatter coal regions of western Kentucky, Illinois, and Ohio immediately following World War I, but eventually transitioned into the steeper Aerial view of mountaintop removal for coal mining in West Virginia. Mountaintop removal coal mining presents a clear and present danger to the Appalachian Mountains, which are home to a vibrant and indelible culture, stunning biodiversity and enormous economic In mountaintop removal mining, coal seams are exposed by blasting and removing mountaintops above the coal and placing the resulting debris (known as spoil) in adjacent valleys, resulting in permanent and minimally reclaimable landscape alteration (e. It uses enormous machinery to cut off entire mountaintops – 600 feet or more--and reach the valuable low-sulfur coal seams underneath. It creates an immense quantity of excess Mountaintop removal mining emerged gradually as technological and economic conditions changed in the Appalachian coalfields and the United States in general. 1 Mine, which would have buried more than 6 CRS PRODUCT (LIBRARY OF CONGRESS) Hide Overview . Originally owned by Fil Nutter, the mine used An Oct. ckft rqgglznc nxjyc jeshdr ilbz yqersw ytlw qghrliig ngrmhep xdrd qvuohx wai qstlmkj bcmhq ubaws